{"id":378,"date":"2025-11-21T14:54:27","date_gmt":"2025-11-21T14:54:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/?p=378"},"modified":"2025-11-24T15:43:35","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T15:43:35","slug":"challenges-and-resources","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/zh_tw\/challenges-and-resources\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u7fd2\u74b0\u5883\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u6311\u6230\u8207\u61c9\u5c0d\u7b56\u7565"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"\">\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u89c0\u9ede\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u5e6b\u52a9\u5b78\u751f<strong>\u8868\u9054\u3001\u6279\u5224\u548c\u8abf\u6574\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u7fd2\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5728\u5e6b\u52a9\u5b78\u751f\u9032\u884c\u9019\u4e9b\u904e\u7a0b\u65b9\u9762\u5df2\u5f97\u5230\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u5be6\u65bd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u5e2b\u537b\u9762\u81e8\u8457\u8af8\u591a\u6311\u6230\u3002Mark Windschitl \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u6311\u6230\u6846\u67b6\u70ba\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u6559\u5b78\u6cd5\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u56db\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u91d0\u6e05\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u672c\u8cea.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u91d0\u6e05\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u672c\u8cea.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u91d0\u6e05\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u672c\u8cea-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u91d0\u6e05\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u672c\u8cea-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u91d0\u6e05\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u672c\u8cea-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u91d0\u6e05\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u672c\u8cea-12x12.jpeg 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u7b56\u7565.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u7b56\u7565.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u7b56\u7565-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u7b56\u7565-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u7b56\u7565-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u7b56\u7565-12x12.jpeg 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5c08\u696d\u6210\u9577\u7684\u8def\u5f91.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-382\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5c08\u696d\u6210\u9577\u7684\u8def\u5f91.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5c08\u696d\u6210\u9577\u7684\u8def\u5f91-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5c08\u696d\u6210\u9577\u7684\u8def\u5f91-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5c08\u696d\u6210\u9577\u7684\u8def\u5f91-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/learndeeplytw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/\u5c08\u696d\u6210\u9577\u7684\u8def\u5f91-12x12.jpeg 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u5be6\u8e10\u4e2d\u7684\u56db\u5927\u6311\u6230<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>1. \u6982\u5ff5\u6311\u6230 (Conceptual Challenges)<\/strong> \u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5c07\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8aa4\u89e3\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5b8c\u5168\u958b\u653e\u5f0f\u7684\u8ab2\u5802\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u8b93\u5b69\u5b50\u63d0\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u554f\u984c\u548c\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u975e\u6559\u5b78\u6cd5\u300d\uff08non-pedagogy\uff09\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u7d55\u975e\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8aa4\u89e3\uff1a<\/strong> \u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u5b78\u7fd2\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u5957\u6559\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u6280\u8853\u3002\u5b83\u95dc\u6ce8\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u57fa\u65bc\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u52d5\u624b\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08hands-on\uff09\u6216\u767c\u73fe\u5f0f\u5b78\u7fd2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u6559\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u8207\u5b78\u751f\u884c\u52d5\uff1a<\/strong> \u8aa4\u89e3\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u8b1b\u8ff0\u300d\uff08telling\uff09\u6216\u76f4\u63a5\u6559\u5b78\u5728\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ab2\u5802\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u8b1b\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f15\u5c0e\u5b78\u751f\u601d\u8003\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u5c1a\u672a\u8003\u616e\u5230\u7684\u81ea\u8eab\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5b78\u751f\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u900f\u904e\u793e\u4ea4\u4e92\u52d5\u6216\u52d5\u624b\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f86\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u6642\u4ed6\u5011\u5b89\u975c\u5730\u53cd\u601d\u4e5f\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u6d3b\u8e8d\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 \u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff1a \u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u8aa4\u89e3\u662f\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u63a8\u6e2c\u548c\u89e3\u91cb\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7576\u7136\u91cd\u8996\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u61c9\u8207\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u6210\u719f\u6578\u5b78\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u4e0d\u540c\u8996\u89d2\uff1a<\/strong> \u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u672c\u8eab\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u7a2e\u8996\u89d2\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5074\u91cd\u65bc\u500b\u9ad4\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u5c08\u6ce8\u65bc\u8ab2\u5802\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u6216\u5074\u91cd\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u5982\u5c07\u5b78\u751f\u8996\u70ba\u5b78\u79d1\u6587\u5316\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u5b78\u5f92\uff09\u3002\u6559\u5e2b\u9700\u8981\u6574\u5408\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u5c64\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>2. \u6559\u5b78\u6cd5\u6311\u6230 (Pedagogical Challenges)<\/strong> \u6559\u5e2b\u5728\u5be6\u65bd\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u7406\u60f3\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u4e4b\u9593\u627e\u5230\u5e73\u8861\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u5fe0\u5be6\u65bc\u5b78\u79d1\uff1a<\/strong> \u6559\u5e2b\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u95dc\u65bc\u65e5\u98df\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff09\u7684\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4ecd\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u5c0d\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u5fe0\u5be6\u3002\u6559\u5e2b\u5fc5\u9808\u91cd\u8996\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u505c\u7559\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u300c\u5929\u771f\u300d\uff08naive\uff09\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 \u6df1\u5ea6\u5b78\u79d1\u77e5\u8b58\uff1a \u5be6\u65bd\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u7fd2\u74b0\u5883\u901a\u5e38\u8981\u6c42\u6559\u5e2b\u5c0d\u5b78\u79d1\u5167\u5bb9\u6709\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u7576\u5b78\u751f\u8868\u9054\u60f3\u6cd5\u6216\u5728\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\u6642\uff0c\u6559\u5e2b\u9700\u8981\u80fd\u5920\u81e8\u5834\u601d\u8003\uff08think on your feet\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u7ba1\u7406\u65b0\u578b\u4e92\u52d5\uff1a<\/strong> \u7ba1\u7406\u8ab2\u5802\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u8a71\u8a9e\uff08discourse\uff09\u548c\u5354\u4f5c\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u6311\u6230\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u7d44\u7e54\u5c0f\u7d44\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u5b78\u751f\u771f\u6b63\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u300c\u5206\u800c\u6cbb\u4e4b\u300d\uff08divide and conquer\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>3. \u6587\u5316\u6311\u6230 (Cultural Challenges)<\/strong> \u6587\u5316\u6311\u6230\u4e3b\u8981\u4f86\u81ea\u5b78\u751f\u548c\u5bb6\u9577\u5c0d\u300c\u826f\u597d\u6559\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u9810\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u50b3\u7d71\u671f\u671b\uff1a<\/strong> \u5b78\u751f\u548c\u5bb6\u9577\u901a\u5e38\u671f\u671b\u5b78\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u904e\u53bb\u7d93\u9a57\u4e2d\u7684\u6a23\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u300c\u50b3\u8f38\u6a21\u5f0f\u300d\uff08transmissionist\uff09\uff0c\u8001\u5e2b\u544a\u8a34\u5b78\u751f\u5b78\u7fd2\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u8a18\u7b46\u8a18\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u6e2c\u9a57\u4e2d\u91cd\u8907\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u7ba1\u9053\u96b1\u55bb\uff1a<\/strong> \u5b78\u751f\u548c\u5bb6\u9577\u5c0d\u6559\u5b78\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u53d7\u5230\u300c\u7ba1\u9053\u96b1\u55bb\u300d\uff08conduit metaphor\uff09\u7684\u5f37\u70c8\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\uff1a<\/strong> \u4f86\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u6307\u4ee4\u5f0f\u6559\u80b2\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6210\u9577\u7684\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u7fd2\u6163\u65bc\u6559\u5e2b\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\u8ab2\u5802\uff0c\u4e26\u6703\u5c0d\u8868\u9054\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u4fe1\u4efb\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/strong> \u6559\u5e2b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u81e8\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u4fe1\u4efb\u5b78\u751f\u627f\u64d4\u81ea\u5df1\u5b78\u7fd2\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u7591\u554f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>4. \u653f\u6cbb\u6311\u6230 (Political Challenges)<\/strong> \u653f\u6cbb\u56f0\u5883\u6d89\u53ca\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u95dc\u8005\u58d3\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 \u6642\u9593\u58d3\u529b\uff1a \u6559\u5e2b\u807d\u5230\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6311\u6230\u662f\u300c\u6c92\u6709\u6642\u9593\u300d\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u6559\u5b78\u3002\u5efa\u8b70\u662f\u5c07\u66f4\u591a\u6642\u9593\u6295\u5165\u5230\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u767c\u5c55\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u82b1\u5f88\u591a\u6642\u9593\u61c9\u7528\u548c\u9a57\u8b49\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u554f\u8cac\u5236\u8207\u6e2c\u9a57\uff1a<\/strong> \u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u6e2c\u9a57\u548c\u6559\u5e2b\u8a55\u4f30\u7b49\u554f\u8cac\u5236\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u91cd\u8996\u8a13\u7df4\u5b78\u751f\u7d66\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4fc3\u9032\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6559\u5e2b\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u8001\u5e2b\u7d44\u7e54\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u6539\u8b8a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u95dc\u8005\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff1a<\/strong> \u884c\u653f\u4eba\u54e1\u3001\u5bb6\u9577\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u95dc\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u8a8d\u540c\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u826f\u597d\u7684\u8ab2\u5802\u662f\u5b78\u751f\u5750\u5f97\u6574\u9f4a\u3001\u807d\u8001\u5e2b\u8b1b\u8ab2\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e00\u500b\u5608\u96dc\u7684\u5c0f\u7d44\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8ab2\u5802\u5c31\u6703\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>\u4e8c\u3001\u61c9\u5c0d\u6311\u6230\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u8207\u7b56\u7565<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u9762\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u6559\u5e2b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u65e2\u6709\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u5c08\u696d\u5354\u4f5c\u4f86\u589e\u9032\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>1. \u7814\u7a76\u8cc7\u6e90\u8207\u5b78\u7fd2\u9032\u7a0b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u5b78\u8853\u641c\u5c0b\uff1a<\/strong> \u6559\u5e2b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528 Google Scholar \u6216 ERIC \u7b49\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u641c\u5c0b\u95dc\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u7fd2\u74b0\u5883\u7bc4\u4f8b\u6216\u5efa\u7acb\u8ab2\u5802\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u737b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u6a19\u6e96\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u70ba\u7406\u64da\uff1a<\/strong> \u6a19\u6e96\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u5171\u540c\u6838\u5fc3\u5dde\u7acb\u6a19\u6e96\uff08CCSS\uff09\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u6a19\u6e96\uff08NGSS\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6559\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u64da\u3002CCSS \u5f37\u8abf\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6d41\u66a2\u6027\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6578\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u3002NGSS \u5247\u5f37\u8abf\u5b78\u79d1\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u8de8\u9818\u57df\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5be6\u8e10\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 \u5b78\u7fd2\u9032\u7a0b\uff1a \u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u90fd\u56b4\u91cd\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u5b78\u7fd2\u9032\u7a0b\uff08learning progressions\uff09\u588a\u8173\u77f3\uff08stepping stones\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u6a21\u578b\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u667a\u529b\u4e0a\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u7279\u5b9a\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u767c\u5c55\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6253\u4e0b\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>2. \u300c\u6709\u62b1\u8ca0\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u5b78\u300d\u6846\u67b6<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u300c\u6709\u62b1\u8ca0\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u5b78\u300d\uff08Ambitious Science Teaching\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u7db2\u7ad9\uff08ambitiousscienceteaching.org\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5e6b\u52a9\u6559\u5e2b\u61c9\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u6311\u6230\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u6838\u5fc3\u5be6\u8e10\uff1a<\/strong> \u6709\u62b1\u8ca0\u7684\u6559\u5e2b\u6703\u9577\u671f\u8655\u7406\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u53c3\u8207\u591a\u8f2a\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6a21\u578b\u5275\u5efa\u8207\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u4e26\u5229\u7528\u591a\u7a2e\u8a71\u8a9e\u7b56\u7565\u4f86\u9f13\u52f5\u6df1\u5ea6\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u8a71\u8a9e\u985e\u578b\u5b78\uff08Talk Typology\uff09\uff1a<\/strong> \u8a72\u7db2\u7ad9\u63d0\u4f9b\u5be6\u7528\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8a71\u8a9e\u985e\u578b\u5b78\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u6559\u5e2b\u5efa\u7acb\u300c\u6703\u8a71\u57fa\u790e\u8a2d\u65bd\u300d\uff08conversational infrastructure\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5c0d\u8a71\u6280\u5de7\u5305\u62ec\u5fa9\u8ff0\uff08revoice\uff09\u5b78\u751f\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u8a71\u3001\u8ffd\u554f\uff08press\uff09\u5b78\u751f\u8aaa\u51fa\u9673\u8ff0\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u6216\u63a2\u67e5\uff08probe\uff09\u4ee5\u5c0b\u6c42\u66f4\u591a\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u8a9e\u6280\u5de7\u61c9\u6210\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u65b0\u624b\u6559\u5e2b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 \u8cc7\u6e90\u5229\u7528\uff1a \u5efa\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ab2\u5802\u9f13\u52f5\u5b78\u751f\u5c07\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u6216 Google \u641c\u5c0b\u8996\u70ba\u610f\u7fa9\u5efa\u69cb\uff08sensemaking\uff09\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u50b3\u8f38\u8a2d\u5099\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>3. \u5c08\u696d\u5354\u4f5c\u8207\u8ab2\u5802\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u5c08\u696d\u5354\u4f5c\u80fd\u5920\u8b93\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u300c\u6d3b\u8e8d\u8d77\u4f86\u300d\u3002\u901a\u904e\u8207\u540c\u5115\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u53ef\u4ee5\u96c6\u9ad4\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7576\u6709\u4e0a\u767e\u4f4d\u6559\u5e2b\u4e00\u540c\u52aa\u529b\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u5f15\u5c0e\u4e0d\u9858\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u52a0\u5165\u5c0d\u8a71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u767c\u5c55\uff1a<\/strong> \u6709\u6548\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u61c9\u6df1\u5165\u6559\u5e2b\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u77e5\u8b58\u548c\u6559\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1b\u5e6b\u52a9\u6559\u5e2b\u7406\u89e3\u5b78\u751f\u5982\u4f55\u5b78\u7fd2\u7279\u5b9a\u5167\u5bb9\uff1b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e3b\u52d5\u7684\u52d5\u624b\u5b78\u7fd2\u6a5f\u6703\uff1b\u4e14\u61c9\u662f\u5354\u4f5c\u7684\u3001\u96c6\u9ad4\u7684\u3001\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u6301\u7e8c\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u3002\u8207\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7121\u6548\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u5e38\u4f9d\u8cf4\u300c\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u574a\u300d\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u6280\u8853\u57f9\u8a13\u800c\u975e\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e14\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6301\u7e8c\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2022 <strong>\u8ab2\u5802\u7814\u7a76\uff08Lesson Study\uff09\uff1a<\/strong> \u8ab2\u5802\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u5b78\u7fd2\u793e\u7fa4\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u5b83\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u5728\u5e6b\u52a9\u6559\u5e2b\u7406\u89e3\u5be6\u8e10\u4e2d\u7684\u5275\u65b0\u65b9\u9762\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u25e6 <strong>\u4e09\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\uff1a<\/strong> \u8ab2\u5802\u7814\u7a76\u5305\u62ec\u898f\u5283\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff08\u78ba\u5b9a\u9577\u671f\u76ee\u6a19\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u6a19\u6e96\uff09\u3001\u5be6\u65bd\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff08\u4e00\u540d\u6210\u54e1\u6388\u8ab2\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u54e1\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e26\u8a18\u9304\u5b78\u751f\u601d\u7dad\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u601d\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff08\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u4e26\u901a\u5e38\u9080\u8acb\u5916\u90e8\u5c08\u5bb6\u53c3\u8207\u53cd\u601d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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